Political changes and their impact on security and strategic concepts of defense

Abstract

The term politics, from its origin until nowadays, has been closely related to coercion and effects of coercion. The first rulers were finding support in a belief in the divine nature of power, but since, in time, this belief faded, the solution was found in physical superiority of rulers. The development of politics as an activity by which a community can be governed instrumentally, conditioned its closer linkage to force. Politics was sometimes identified with force, and sometimes politics was using force as an instrument for taming the bullying by others. Undoubtedly, the man is a rational and instinctive being. Monopolization of bullying within political activity made it possible to place the force, depending on the circumstances, into the service of one or the other attribute of human nature. Integration processes in political, economic, military and other areas, significantly contributed to changing the role of a national state in its formerly inviolable spheres, even in those elements that are considered classic attributes of the state as an institution (sovereignty, independence, monetary policy, defense, state power legitimacy, etc). Does this power, which is 'taken away' from the national state, go away, through integrative processes with other international subjects, to some distant power and alienated centers, or does it, on the contrary, enter the corpus of political activity that strengthens its overall position? Without immersing into more profound analysis about what is closer to the truth, it is a fact that through integrative processes a number of 'state' activities is transferred to joint institutions. In the spirit of this paper, the most important institutions are those which decide about organization, preparing, functioning, and using of the state (interstate) power. Strategic solutions concerning these matters, are a part of domestic and intergovernmental policy. They are products of a great number of internal and external factors, starting from economic and institutional, to social and cultural-traditional, and to international.

Pojam politika, od nastanka do današnjih dana, bio je na različite načine vezan sa prinudom i njenim efektima. Prvi vladari nalazili su oslonac u verovanju u božanski karakter vlasti, ali, kako se on vremenom sve više gubio, rešenje je nalaženo u fizičkoj nadmoći vlastodržaca. Razvoj politike kao delatnosti kojom se može instrumentalno vladati zajednicom, uslovio je njeno bliže vezivanje za silu. Ponekad se politika poistovećivala sa njom, a nekada ju je koristila kao faktor za kroćenje nasilništva drugih. Čovek je, bez sumnje, i racionalno i nagonsko biće. Monopolizacija nasilja u okviru političke delatnosti omogućila je da se, u zavisnosti od uslova, sila stavi u službu jednog ili drugog njegovog obeležja. Integrativni procesi u političkoj, ekonomskoj, vojnoj i drugim oblastima značajno su doprineli promeni uloge nacionalne države u nekada njenim neprikosnovenim sferama, pa čak i u onim elementima koji se smatraju klasičnim obeležjima države kao institucije (suverenost, nezavisnost, monetarna politika, odbrana, legitimnost državne vlasti, itd.). Da li ta snaga koja se 'oduzima' od nacionalne države, putem integracije sa drugim međunarodnim subjektima, odlazi u neke građanima daleke i otuđene centre moći ili, naprotiv, ona ulazi u onaj korpus političkog organizovanja kojim se jača njihova ukupna pozicija? Bez ulaženja u dublju analizu o tome šta je bliže istini, činjenica je da se kroz proces integracije, deo 'državnih' poslova prenosi na zajedničke institucije. U duhu ovog rada, najznačajnije su one koje odlučuju o načinima organizovanja, pripreme, funkcionisanja i upotrebe državne (međudržavne) sile. Strategijska rešenja vezana za ta pitanja deo su aktivnosti i državne i međudržavne politike. Ona su rezultanta delatnosti brojnih unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih faktora, počev od ekonomskog i institucionalnog, preko socijalnog i kulturno-tradicionalnog, do međunarodnog.